أدويه الجهاز العصبي المركزي 5
#Pharmcology_of_CNS
#CNS
🐊#Anxiolytic_and_Hypnotic_Drugs
مواضينا الليلة حا تكون 👇
✔️BARBITURATES
✔️OTHER HYPNOTIC AGENTS
✔️BARBITURATES
🔘The barbiturates were formerly the mainstay of treatment to sedate patients or to induce and maintain sleep.
المجموعة دي من الادوية قل استخدامها حاليا لانها ارتبطت بمشاكل كتيرة وعوضو عنها بال benzodiazepines
🔵Mechanism of action
🔹The sedative–hypnotic action of the barbiturates is due to their interaction with GABAA receptors, which enhances GABAergic transmission.
مكان ارتباطها بال receptors غير مكان ال benzodiazepines
🔵Actions
🔹Barbiturates are classified according to their duration of action
➰ultra–short-acting
ودي ببدا تاثيرها خلال ثواني وبيستمر حوال 30دقيقة وبتضم
➿thiopental
➰ long-acting
ودي بيستمر تاثيرها لاكتر من يوم وبتضم
➿phenobarbital
➰short-acting
ودي بتضم
➿Pentobarbital
➿secobarbital
➿amobarbital
➿butalbital
🔹يلا نرجع لل action
〰Depression of CNS:
At low doses, the barbiturates produce sedation (have a calming effect and reduce excitement). At higher doses, the drugs cause hypnosis, followed by anesthesia (loss of feeling or sensation), and, finally, coma and death
〰Respiratory depression
Barbiturates suppress the hypoxic and chemoreceptor response to CO2, and overdosage is followed by respiratory depression and death.
🔵Therapeutic uses
🔹Anesthesia
🔹Anticonvulsant
🔹Sedative/hypnotic
🔵Pharmacokinetics
🔹Barbiturates are well absorbed after oral administration and distribute throughout the body. All barbiturates redistribute from the brain to the splanchnic areas, to skeletal muscle, and, finally, to adipose tissue.
🔹Barbiturates readily cross the placenta and can depress the fetus.
🔹 These agents are metabolized in the liver, and inactive metabolites are excreted in urine.
🔵Adverse effects
🔹Barbiturates cause drowsiness, impaired concentration, and mental
and physical sluggishness
🔹Abrupt withdrawal from barbiturates may cause tremors, anxiety, weakness,restlessness, nausea and vomiting, seizures, delirium, and cardiac
arrest.
✔️OTHER HYPNOTIC AGENTS
✅Zolpidem
💠zolpidem is not structurally related to benzodiazepines, but it selectively binds to the benzodiazepine receptor
💠Zolpidem has no anticonvulsant or muscle-relaxing properties.
💠Zolpidem is rapidly absorbed
from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and it has a rapid onset of action
and short elimination half-life (about 2 to 3 hours)
💠Adverse effects of zolpidem include nightmares, agitation, anterograde amnesia, headache, GI upset, dizziness,and daytime drowsiness.
✅ Zaleplon
💠Zaleplon is an oral nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic similar to zolpidem; however, zaleplon causes fewer residual effects on psychomotor and cognitive function compared to zolpidem or the benzodiazepines.
✅Eszopiclone
💠Eszopiclone is an oral nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic that also acts on the benzodiazepine receptor.
💠Eszopiclone is rapidly absorbed (time to peak, 1 hour), Elimination half-life approximately 6 hours
💠Adverse events with eszopiclone include anxiety, dry mouth, headache, peripheral edema, somnolence, and unpleasant taste.
✅Ramelteon
💠Ramelteon is a selective agonist at the MT1and MT2subtypes of melatonin receptors.
💠Ramelteon is indicated for the treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulty falling asleep (increased sleep latency).
💠Common adverse effects of ramelteon include dizziness, fatigue, and somnolence. Ramelteon may also increase prolactin levels.
✅Antihistamines
💠Some antihistamines with sedating properties, such as diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine, and doxylamine, are effective in treating mild types of situational insomnia.
✅ Antidepressants
في صورة مرفقة بتلخص اهم المعلومات للفصل دا
بكدا نكون خلصنا الفصل دا وحا ندخل المرة الجاية في فصل جديد هو ال
Antidepressants
🌟--------
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