💊أدويه الجهاز العصبي 18
#Pharmacology_of_CNS 18
#CNS
#Drugs_of_Abuse
حا نتكلم في الفصل دا بإذن الله عن
✔️SYMPATHOMIMETICS
✔️HALLUCINOGENS
✔️ETHANOL
✔️SYMPATHOMIMETICS
💠Sympathomimetics are stimulants that mimic the sympathetic nervous system, producing “fight-or-flight” responses
💠These agents come from natural sources,such as plants, or are synthesized in legitimate or clandestine laboratories.
✅Cocaine
🌀Cocaine is derived from the erythroxylon coca shrub that grows in the foothills of the Andes Mountains in South America. It causes central nervous system (CNS) stimulation by inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine into the adrenergic neuron, thus increasing the amount of catecholamines available at the synapse.
🌀This causes an intense euphoria or “rush” that is followed rapidly by an intense dysphoria or “crash.” It is this immediate positive reinforcement, followed rapidly by the negative reinforcement, that makes the drug, particularly in this form, so addictive.
🌀A few of the more common reasons for cocaine users to come to the emergency department include psychiatric complaints (depression precipitated by cocaine dysphoria, agitation/paranoia), convulsions, hyperthermia, and chest pain.
🌀Cocaine toxicity is treated by calming and cooling the patient. Benzodiazepines, such as lorazepam, help to calm the agitated patient and can both treat and prevent convulsions
✅Amphetamines
🌀Amphetamines such as methamphetamine are sympathomimetics with clinical effects very similar to those of cocaine. In many cases, these effects may last longer and be associated with more stimulation and less euphoria when compared to cocaine.
✅Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
🌀Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as
ecstasy or Molly, is a hallucinogenic amphetamine with profound
serotonin-releasing effects
🌀Like many amphetamines, MDMA can cause bruxism (teeth grinding) and trismus (jaw clenching)
🌀Among the most disturbing properties of MDMA abuse is its propensity to cause profound hyperthermia, altered mental status, and movement disorders known as the serotonin syndrome.
🌀Again, benzodiazepines help to calm and cool the patient. Life-threatening hyperthermia has been treated with neuromuscular blockers and endotracheal intubation to control excessive movement and heat generation. Cyproheptadine is a serotonin antagonist that has been used to treat serotonin syndrome.
✅Synthetic Cathinones
🌀Cathinone is the psychoactive component in an evergreen shrub
called Khat native to East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Synthetic cathinones, also known as “bath salts,” have become increasingly popular
🌀Methcathinone, butylone, methylene dioxypyrovalerone, and naphyrone are just a few examples of synthetic cathinones. These drugs increase the release and inhibit the reuptake of catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine) in a manner very similar to cocaine and amphetamines.
🌀Treatment is similar to the emergent treatment of amphetamines and cocaine.
✔️HALLUCINOGENS
✅Lysergic acid diethylamide
🌀LSD, lysergic acid diethylamide, is perhaps the most commonly considered drug in the hallucinogen class
🌀LSD produces its psychedelic effects through serving as a potent partial agonist at 5-HT2A receptors. Aside from the very colorful hallucinations, the drug is also responsible for mood alterations, sleep disturbances, and anxiety.
🌀Although physical side effects are typically minimal, LSD may cause tachycardia, increased blood pressure and body temperature, dizziness,decreased appetite, and sweating
✅Marijuana
🌀Cannabis is a plant that is thought to have been used by humans for over 10,000 years
🌀The main psychoactive alkaloid contained in marijuana is Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
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